From: Subject: New Scientist Archive | Selected Article Date: Thu, 13 May 2004 14:38:43 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C438F7.FD4BB010"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C438F7.FD4BB010 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://archive.newscientist.com/secure/article/article.jsp?rp=1&id=mg17423411.900 New Scientist Archive | Selected = Article
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Dead man walking

New Scientist vol 174 issue = 2341 -=20 04 May 2002, page 17

 

Mary Shelley got her inspiration from = Percy's=20 mentor

 

DOCTOR=20 Frankenstein's identity has finally been revealed = after almost=20 200 years. Mary Shelley's infamous fictional figure = was=20 inspired by the eminent Scottish scientist John Lind, = the=20 first person in Britain to try to animate dead animals = with=20 electricity.

Ever = since=20 Shelley wrote her classic book, Frankenstein, or = the Modern=20 Prometheus, in 1818, scholars have argued over = where the=20 inspiration for her obsessive doctor came from. She=20 acknowledged that her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, = played a=20 part in stimulating her creativity, and she was = present in the=20 summer of 1816 when he regaled his fellow poet Lord = Byron with=20 tales of the latest scientific developments during = their=20 famous stay at Byron's villa on the shores of Lake = Geneva.

But = where did=20 Percy Shelley acquire his deep knowledge of the = subject?=20 According to Christopher Goulding, a researcher in = English=20 literature at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, = much of=20 it came from Lind. While Percy was a schoolboy at = Eton, the=20 Scottish scientist was his mentor.

Lind = by that=20 time had retired. But he was extremely well connected = and well=20 travelled, and brimming with tales of science and = adventure.=20 "He knew everyone who was anyone in science," says=20 Goulding.

What = was most=20 relevant to Frankenstein was Lind's passionate = interest=20 in "galvanics", the revolutionary experiments to = "animate"=20 dead limbs with electricity pioneered not long before = by=20 Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. Lind's curiosity = about the=20 subject had been kindled by William Cullen, his tutor = at the=20 world-renowned Edinburgh Medical School and the author = of the=20 first clinical guide to reviving victims of = suffocation.

In = the 1790s,=20 Lind became the first British scientist to repeat = Galvani's=20 experiments, jolting frogs' legs with electric pulses. = "I have=20 no doubt he could have shown young Shelley this, or at = least=20 told him about it," says Goulding. "At the time, it = was seen=20 as disturbing the murky area between life and = death."

Galvani's=20 ideas about using electricity to breathe life into = dead body=20 parts later formed the scientific core of Mary's = novel. But=20 her bleak passages about icy wastelands might also owe = much to=20 Lind, who had served as a ship's surgeon and travelled = to=20 Iceland with Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the = Royal=20 Society, to study geology and botany. "Lind would have = been=20 able to tell Percy about glaciers, although much of = the=20 imagery in Frankenstein might have come from = what Mary=20 saw in Switzerland too," Goulding admits.

His = analysis=20 overturns the accepted idea that Percy did little more = than=20 rehash popular scientific ideas of the time. "I think = he had=20 much more knowledge than people give him credit for," = Goulding=20 says.

"What science=20 there is in Frankenstein came from James Lind = via=20 Mary's husband," says Goulding. Mary herself = acknowledged the=20 debt, quoting her husband as saying of Lind: "I owe = that man=20 far=97oh! Far more than I owe my = father."


Andy = Coghlan=20
  
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FURTHER READING =

 

More at: Journal of = the Royal=20 Society of Medicine (vol 95, = p257)

         
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